Falconiformes

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American Kestrel (Falco sparverius)

Citation:

Dietary exposure of kestrels to lead

Author(s)
Stendell, Rey C.
Pages
527-530
Year
Issue
2
Volume
44
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
LEAD COMPOUNDS 7.63 (1.03 SE) ppm at 29.3 ppm mean lead concentration (wet wt) in bone Female Adult 3/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

DDE at Low Dietary Levels Kills Captive American Kestrels

Author(s)
Porter, Richard D. and Stanley N. Wiemeyer
Pages
193-199
Year
Issue
4
Volume
8
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DDE (4,4'-) 232.9 ppm (dry wt) mean brain residues in birds that survived Male Adult 11 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
DDE (4,4'-) 507-877.1 ppm (dry wt) liver residues in birds that died Male Adult 2 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
DDE (4,4'-) 88.1 ppm (dry wt) mean liver residues in birds that survived Male Adult 11 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Birds of prey, DDT, and tussock moths in Pacific Northwest

Author(s)
Henny, Charles J.
Pages
397-411
Year
Volume
42
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
DDT (Technical Grade Mixture) no effect mean productivity (young produced) Both Male and Female Adult 21 eggs La Grande-Enterprise (OR), Potlatch (ID) Toxicity Factor Datasets
DDT (Technical Grade Mixture) 0.78 ppm mean DDT concentration in plasma of birds sampled 0-1.5 mi from sprayed area Both Male and Female Adult 23 birds La Grande-Enterprise (OR), Potlatch (ID) Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Synergistic effects of Aroclor 1254 on the semen characteristics of American kestrels

Author(s)
Bird, D.M., P.H. Tucker, G.A. Fox and P.C. Lague
Pages
633-640
Year
Volume
12
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
AROCLOR 1254, MIREX 73.3% increase @ 8ppm mirex + 33 ppm Aroclor semen volume Male Adult 5-10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
AROCLOR 1254, MIREX 20.3% decrease @ 8 ppm mirex + 33 ppm Aroclor sperm concentration Male Adult 5-10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
AROCLOR 1254, MIREX no effect sperm motility Male Adult 5-10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Metabolism and storage of p,p' dicofol

Author(s)
Schwarzbach, S.E., D. Michael Fry, B.E. Rosson and David M. Bird
Pages
206-210
Year
Volume
20
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DICOFOL 82.36 (fat), 4.93 (liver), 1.15 (brain), 0.84 (oviduct) ug/g @ 3.0 mg/kg bw/d sum of geometric mean tissue concentrations (wet wt) of dicofol and metabolites (dichlorobenzophenone, mono-dechlorinated dicofol, dichlorobenzhydrol, DDE) Female Adult 2-4/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Possible mechanisms for sensitivity to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides in eastern screech-owls and American kestrels

Author(s)
Vyas, N.B., L.A. Thiele, S.C. Garland
Pages
151-157
Year
Volume
120
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
CARBOFURAN decreased to 35% of controls brain cholinesterase activity in birds that died Both Male and Female Adult 8 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Developmental Toxicity of PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-Pentachlorobiphenyl) in nestling American kestrels (Falco sparverius)

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J., Mark J. Melancon, Patrice N. Klein, Clifford P. Rice, John D. Eisemann, Randy K. Hines, James W. Spann, and Grey W. Pendleton
Pages
188-200
Year
Volume
34
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL) in ng/g, wet wt: 156 (@ 50 ng/g), 380 (@ 250 ng/g), 1098 (@1000 ng/g) concentration in liver Not Reported Nestling 9-11/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Day 1-Day 10 Laboratory
PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL) positive correlation relationship between hepatic PCB 126 concentrations and ratio of oxidized to reduced glutathione Not Reported Nestling 9-11/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Day 1-Day 10 Laboratory
Citation:

Selenium accumulation and effects on reproduction in captive American kestrels fed selenomethionine

Author(s)
Santolo, Gary M., Julie T. Yamamoto, Jacqueline M. Pisenti, Barry W. Wilson
Pages
502-511
Year
Issue
2
Volume
63
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
SELENOMETHIONINE egg Se concentration = 1.307 + 0.852(diet Se concentration) relation between Se concentrations in egg (dry wt) and diet (dry wt) Female Adult 53 eggs Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
SELENOMETHIONINE increased @ 6 or 12 ppm Se food consumption versus controls Both Male and Female Adult 15 pairs/treatment group; 10 control pairs Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
SELENOMETHIONINE no effect percent of pairs that laid eggs, number of fertile pairs and egg hatchability versus controls Both Male and Female Adult 15 pairs/treatment group; 10 control pairs Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
SELENOMETHIONINE no effect egg mass, width, length, and volume versus controls Both Male and Female Adult 15 pairs/treatment group; 10 control pairs Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Parathion accumulation in cricket frogs and its effect on American kestrels

Author(s)
Fleming, W. James, Haydee de Chacin, Oliver H. Pattee and Thair G. Lamont
Pages
921-927
Year
Volume
10
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
PARATHION 47% decrease at 4.6 ppm mean brain cholinesterase activity relative to control Not Reported Adult 4/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
PARATHION 56% decrease at 4.6 ppm mean plasma cholinesterase activity relative to control Not Reported Adult 4/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Effects of chronic dietary lead in American kestrels (Falco sparverius)

Author(s)
Franson, J. Christian, Louis Sileo, Oliver H. Pattee and John F. Moore
Pages
110-113
Year
Issue
2
Volume
19
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
LEAD (elemental) increase at 50 ppm
1.3 ppm (1.00 SD) males; 2.4 ppm (1.40 SD) females 		mean lead concentration in liver Both Male and Female Adult 16 pairs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
LEAD (elemental) no effect mean organ and carcass weights Both Male and Female Adult 16 pairs/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Methyl parathion and fenvalerate toxicity in American kestrels: acute physiological responses and effects of cold

Author(s)
Rattner, Barnett A. and J. Christian Franson
Pages
787-792
Year
Volume
62
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
METHYLPARATHION increase at 3 mg/kg bw mortality rate 2 hr post-dose Both Male and Female Adult 5/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
METHYLPARATHION decrease at 2, 3 mg/kg bw cloacal temperature Both Male and Female Adult 5/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
METHYLPARATHION decrease at 2, 3 mg/kg bw plasma cholinesterase activity 2 hr post-dose Both Male and Female Adult 5/dose Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Carbofuran affects wildlife on Virginia corn fields

Author(s)
Stinson, Elizabeth R., Lynn E. Hayes, Parshall B. Bush, and Donald H. White
Pages
566-575
Year
Volume
22
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
CARBOFURAN 3 number of dead kestrels found on treated fields Not Reported Not Reported 44 fields Toxicity Factor Datasets
CARBOFURAN 1.7-7.4 ppm (wet wt) carcass residues of kestrels found dead Not Reported Not Reported 3 birds Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Uptake and loss of white phosphorus in American kestrels

Author(s)
Nam, Sae-Im, B.D. Roebuck and Marianne E. Walsh
Pages
837-841
Year
Issue
4
Volume
13
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
PHOSPHORUS (YELLOW OR WHITE) increased accumulation in skin Not Reported Adult 4/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
PHOSPHORUS (YELLOW OR WHITE) no effect occurence of phosphorus intoxication symptoms Not Reported Adult 4/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Selenium accumulation in captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius) fed selenomethionine and naturally incorporated selenium

Author(s)
Yamamoto, Julie T., Gary M. Santolo, and Barry W. Wilson
Pages
2494-2497
Year
Issue
12
Volume
17
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
SELENOMETHIONINE Y=1.132 + 0.801X (R^2 = 0.932) relationship between Se concentrations in diet and blood Both Male and Female Adult 9-10 pairs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
SELENIUM COMPOUNDS 7.5 ppm Se, dry wt maximum observed Se concentration in blood Both Male and Female Adult 10 pairs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
SELENOMETHIONINE no effect incidence of mortality or signs of toxicity Both Male and Female Adult 9-10 pairs/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

The effect of dietary sodium fluoride on internal organs, breast muscle, and bones in captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius)

Author(s)
Bird, D.M., D. Carriere and D. Lacombe
Pages
242-246
Year
Volume
22
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
FLUORIDE, SODIUM 247.0 +/- 103.1 ppm @ 0 ppm; 6137.9 +/- 823.8 ppm @ 1120 ppm; 10,272.6 +/- 865.8 ppm @ 2240 ppm mean fluoride content in the diaphyses of femurae Both Male and Female Juvenile 9-10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 7 d Laboratory
FLUORIDE, SODIUM no effect growth of body weight and skeletal components (skull, bill, tarsus, antebrachium, and manus) Both Male and Female Juvenile 9-10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 7 d Laboratory
Citation:

Comparative developmental toxicity of planar polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in chickens, American kestrels, and common terns

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J., Mark J. Melancon, Patrice N. Klein, John D. Eisemann, and James W. Spann
Pages
747-757
Year
Issue
4
Volume
17
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL) reduced @ 233 ng/g percent hatching success, percent pipped versus controls Not Reported Hatchling 24-26/treatment group Toxicity Factor Datasets hatchling Laboratory
PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-PENTACHLOROBIPHENYL) reduced @ 233 ng/g liver weight, radius and femur length versus controls Not Reported Hatchling 24-26/treatment group Toxicity Factor Datasets hatchling Laboratory
Citation:

Biochemical and hematological effects of lead ingestion in nestling American kestrels

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J., J. Christian Franson, Oliver H. Pattee, Christine M. Bunck, and Helen C. Murray
Pages
431-439
Year
Issue
2
Volume
80
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
LEAD (elemental) 31% decrease at 625 mg/kg bw
14% decrease at 125 mg/kg bw 		hematocrit Both Male and Female Nestling 10/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Tissue lead distribution and hematologic effects in American kestrels (Falco sparverius L.) fed biologically incorporated lead

Author(s)
Custer, Thomas W., J.Christian Franson, and Oliver H. Pattee
Pages
39-43
Year
Issue
1
Volume
20
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
LEAD COMPOUNDS 1.13 ppm blood at 212 ppm; 1.69 ppm blood at 448 ppm mean lead concentration in blood Both Male and Female Adult 8-14/group Toxicity Factor Datasets 1-2 yr Laboratory
Citation:

Kestrel predatory behavior under chronic low-level exposure to DDE

Author(s)
Rudolph, Seri G., Daniel W. Anderson and Robert W. Risebrough
Pages
121-136
Year
Volume
32
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
DDE (4,4'-) no effect variance in kestrel response time to prey stimulus Not Reported Adult 6 Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Organochlorine residues in raptor eggs in the Cayuga Lake Basin

Author(s)
Lincer, Jeffrey L., and Richard J. Clark
Pages
121-128
Year
Issue
2
Volume
25
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
DDE (4,4'-) 10% decrease eggshell thickness change relative to control Female Adult 34 eggs Cayuga Lake Basin Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Metabolic effects of polychlorinated biphenyls in the American kestrel

Author(s)
Lincer, Jeffrey L., and David B. Peakall
Pages
783-784
Year
Volume
228
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
AROCLOR 1254, POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS increased @ 0.5, 5 ppm in vitro microsomal breakdown of oestradiol Both Male and Female Adult 4/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Survival, growth, and histopathological effects of paraquat ingestion in nestling American kestrels (Falco sparverius)

Author(s)
Hoffman, David J., J. Christian Franson, Oliver H. Pattee and Christine M. Bunck
Pages
495-500
Year
Volume
14
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
PARAQUAT 22% @ 10 mg/kg, 18% @ 25 mg/kg, 44% @ 60 mg/kg percent mortality Not Reported Juvenile 11/group Toxicity Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Longevity in a captive sparrow hawk

Author(s)
Kuyt, E.
Pages
197
Year
Volume
30
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Longevity 12 yr Not Reported Adult 1 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

A study and implications of habitat separation by sex of wintering American kestrels (Falco sparverius)

Author(s)
Meyer, Ruthe Lashe and Thomas G. Balgooyen
Pages
107-123
Year
Volume
6
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition invertebrates (157.5), reptiles (0), birds (272.4), mammals (221.8) amount of prey taken by prey weight g Male Adult 5 Hollister Basin (elev. 48-210 m) Exposure Factor Datasets San Benito, Santa Clara
Citation:

Nest box use and reproductive biology of the American kestrel in Lassen County, California

Author(s)
Bloom, Peter H. and Stephen J. Hawks
Pages
9-14
Year
Issue
1
Volume
17
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Fledging or Weaning Rate 3.7 fledged/successful nest Both Male and Female Fledgling 30 nests Great Basin (1260-2340 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Lassen
Fledging or Weaning Rate 3.1 fledged/active nest Both Male and Female Fledgling 36 nests Great Basin (1260-2340 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Lassen
Time of Mating/ Laying May 22 median date of laying Female Adult 27 pairs Great Basin (elev. 1260-2340 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Lassen
Time of Hatching or Parturition June 21 median hatching date Both Male and Female Hatchling 27 pairs Great Basin (elev. 1260-2340 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Lassen
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis July 29 median fledging date Both Male and Female Fledgling 27 pairs Great Basin (elev. 1260-2340 m) Exposure Factor Datasets Lassen
Citation:

Fat content of American kestrels and sharp-shinned hawks estimated by total body electrical conductivity

Author(s)
Gessaman, J.A. and S.M. Harden
Pages
56-57
Year
Issue
1
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error
Body Fat (total or %) 6.01 percent body fat calculated from total body electrical conductivity % Male Adult 12 Cape May Exposure Factor Datasets migrating 1.92 SE
Body Fat (total or %) 8.51 percent body fat calculated from total body electrical conductivity % Female Adult 13 Cape May Exposure Factor Datasets migrating 2.00 SE
Citation:

Foraging strategies of American kestrels during breeding

Author(s)
Rudolph, Seri G.
Pages
1268-1276
Year
Volume
63
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Condition
Foraging Distance distance foraged from nest km Female Adult 4 agricultural lands (lat, 38 deg 32'N; long., 121 deg 47'W) Exposure Factor Datasets Yolo Breeding
Citation:

Prediction of raptor resting metabolism: comparison of measured values with statistical and biophysical estimates

Author(s)
Hayes, Stephen R. and James A. Gessaman
Year
Volume
7
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Surface Area 7.15 x 10E-3 dorsal surface area m^2 Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Surface Area 7.15 x 10E-3 ventral surface area m^2 Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Hawks, Owls and Wildlife

Author(s)
Craighead, John J. and Frank C. Craighead, Jr.
Pages
443
Publisher
Dover Publications, Inc.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Hatching or Parturition Jun 20-Jun 22 dates of earliest and latest hatching Not Reported Nestling 11 nests Jackson Hole Exposure Factor Datasets
Territory Size observed range of movement, based on observations of individuals mi^2 Not Reported Adult 8 birds Superior Township Exposure Factor Datasets
Fledging or Weaning Rate 4.2 number of fledglings produced per pair fledglings/pair Not Reported Fledgling 10 nests Jackson Hole Exposure Factor Datasets
Territory Size observed range of movement during nesting, based on observations of individual or pair movements mi^2 Not Reported Adult 11 birds Jackson Hole Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Behavior and ecology of the American Kestrel in the Sierra Nevada of California

Author(s)
Balgooyen, Thomas G.
Year
Volume
103
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Body Weight - Mean body weight at hatch g Both Male and Female Hatchling Not Reported Sagehen Creek Field Station Exposure Factor Datasets Nevada, Sierra
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning d Both Male and Female Fledgling Not Reported Sagehen Creek Field Station Exposure Factor Datasets Nevada, Sierra
Clutch or Litter Size 4 average clutch size eggs/clutch Female Adult 42 Sagehen Creek Field Station Exposure Factor Datasets Nevada, Sierra
Duration of Incubation or Gestation d Both Male and Female Embryo Not Reported Sagehen Creek Field Station Exposure Factor Datasets Nevada, Sierra
Citation:

A winter population study of the American kestrel in central Ohio

Author(s)
Mills, G. Scott
Pages
241-247
Year
Volume
87
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Territory Size 1.4 average diameter of territories km Both Male and Female Adult 16 southcentral area, agricultural lands Exposure Factor Datasets wintering
Population Density individuals per 52 km^2 Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported southcentral area, agricultural lands Exposure Factor Datasets wintering
Citation:

The hunting behavior of American kestrels: Applications of foraging theory

Author(s)
Rudolph, Seri Gale
Pages
64
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Condition
Dietary Composition mammal (57%), insect (42%), other (1%) percent composition of sample pellets (by volume) Both Male and Female Adult 59 pellets agricultural lands Exposure Factor Datasets Yolo breeding
Dietary Composition mammal (43%), insect (51%), other (6%) percent composition of sample pellets (by volume) Both Male and Female Adult 71 pellets agricultural lands Exposure Factor Datasets Yolo breeding
Dietary Composition mammal (39%), insect (60%), other (6%) percent composition of sample pellets (by volume) Both Male and Female Adult 95 pellets agricultural lands Exposure Factor Datasets Yolo breeding
Citation:

Premigratory fat in the American kestrel

Author(s)
Gessaman, James A.
Pages
625-626
Year
Issue
4
Volume
91
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Body Fat (total or %) mean percent body fat as measured by fat extraction from April to September % Male Adult 14 Cache county Exposure Factor Datasets premigratory
Citation:

Longevity records of North American birds: Gaviidae through Alcidae

Author(s)
Clapp, Roger B., M. Kathleen Klimkiewicz and John H. Kennard
Pages
81-124
Year
Issue
2
Volume
53
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Longevity 11-07 from USFWS Bird Banding Laboratory data yr-mo Not Reported Adult 1832 band recoveries Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Reproductive patterns in captive American kestrels (sparrow hawks)

Author(s)
Porter, Richard D. and Stanley N. Wiemeyer
Pages
46-53
Year
Volume
74
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error Lab
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 27 mean number of days between 5th egg laid and 5th egg hatched d Both Male and Female Embryo 3 eggs Exposure Factor Datasets 0.58 SE Laboratory
Time of Mating/ Laying March-May period of laying Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets breeding Laboratory
Citation:

An evaluation of heart rate as an indirect measure of daily energy metabolism of the American kestrel

Author(s)
Gessaman, James A.
Pages
273-289
Year
Volume
65
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 23.06 daily energy metabolism based on heart rate (30 C) and a linear regression equation for heart rate and volume of oxygen consumed kcal/d Not Reported Adult 1 Exposure Factor Datasets 1.03 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Energetics of two wintering raptors

Author(s)
Koplin, James R., Michael W. Collopy, Albert R. Bammann and Howard Levenson
Pages
795-806
Year
Volume
97
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate 40.8 existence metabolism as measured by the difference between food energy and energy in egesta of birds maintained at constant body mass for periods of 3 or more days kcal/d Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory

Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus)

Citation:

Shell thinning in eggs of Ungava peregrines

Author(s)
Berger, Daniel D., Daniel W. Anderson, James D. Weaver, and Robert W. Risebrough
Pages
265-267
Year
Volume
84
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
DDE (4,4'-) 21% decrease eggshell thickness compared to pre-1940 museum specimens Female Adult 21 eggs from 12 clutches Ungava region, Quebec; islands of Northwest Territories Toxicity Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Chlorinated hydrocarbons in peregrines and their prey species from northern Canada

Author(s)
Enderson, James H. and Daniel D. Berger
Pages
149-153
Year
Issue
2
Volume
70
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
DDD (4,4'-), DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE no effect number of viable eggs or young versus "normal" nest success Not Reported Juvenile 15 nests Peace, Slave, and Mackenzie Rivers Toxicity Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Organochlorines and mercury in the eggs of British peregrines Falco peregrinus

Author(s)
Newton, I., J.A. Bogan, and M.B. Haas
Pages
353-376
Year
Volume
131
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
DDE (4,4'-) productivity = 1.412 - 0.724(log DDE) linear regression of productivity (mean number of young raised per pair) vs. log DDE concentration in eggs Both Male and Female Adult 14 pairs Toxicity Factor Datasets UNITED KINGDOM
Citation:

DDE residues and eggshell characteristics of reestablished peregrines in the eastern United States

Author(s)
Gilroy, Martin J., and John H. Barclay
Pages
403-411
Publisher
The Peregrine Fund, Inc.
Year
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
DDD (4,4'-), DDE (4,4'-), DDT (4,4'-), HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE, OXYCHLORDANE, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS 12.1% percent eggshell thinning (as indicated by Ratcliffe Index) compared to pre-1947 eggs Not Reported Embryo 39 eggs Mid-Atlantic coastal and urban breeding sites Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

A toxicological assessment of peregrine falcons, Falco peregrinus tundrius, breeding in the Keewatin District of the Northwest Territories, Canada

Author(s)
Court, G.S., C.C. Gates, D.A. Boag, J.D. MacNeil, D.M. Bradley, A.C. Fesser, J.R. Patterson, G.B. Stenhouse, and L.W. Oliphant
Pages
255-272
Year
Issue
2
Volume
104
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
DDE (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS 15.8% mean eggshell thinning compared to "pre-pesticide" reference eggs Female Adult 78 eggs Rankin Inlet Toxicity Factor Datasets
DDE (4,4'-), DIELDRIN, HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS log DDE in eggs = 0.9723 + 0.8506(log DDE in plasma); r = 0.66 log-log relationship between DDE in plasma of female birds and DDE in eggs Female Adult 10 females Rankin Inlet Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Organochlorine pesticides, chlorinated dioxins and furans, and PCBs in peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus eggs from the Kola Peninsula, Russia

Author(s)
Henny, Charles J., Sergei A. Ganusevich, F. Prescott Ward, and Ted R. Schwartz
Pages
739-749
Publisher
Pica Press
Year
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
DDE (4,4'-), POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS 11.4% percent eggshell thinning compared to pre-DDT reference eggs Female Adult 8 nests Kola Peninsula Toxicity Factor Datasets RUSSIA
Citation:

Organochlorines and eggshell thinning in peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus eggs from the eastern United States

Author(s)
Burns, S.A., W.M. Jarman, T.J. Cade, L.F. Kiff and B.J. Walton
Pages
709-716
Publisher
Pica Press
Year
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
DDE (4,4'-), POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS 11% decrease eggshell thickness compared to pre-1947 reference eggs Female Adult 112 eggs eastern U.S. coast Toxicity Factor Datasets
Citation:

Mercury levels in feathers of peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus compared with total mercury content in some of its prey species in Sweden

Author(s)
Lindberg, Peter, and Tjelvar Odsjo
Pages
297-318
Year
Volume
5
Chemical Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
MERCURY (elemental) 2.80 - 10.60 ppm, dry wt (females)
3.70 - 8.95 ppm, dry wt (males) 		range of concentrations measured in primary and rectrix feathers Both Male and Female Adult 3 sample periods; 1-9 birds/sample period Southern Sweden Toxicity Factor Datasets SWEDEN
Citation:

Ecology of the peregrine falcon in northeastern Mexico

Author(s)
Lanning, Dirk V., Peter W. Lawson and W. Grainger Hunt
Pages
377-388
Year
Volume
18
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Time of Mating/ Laying Feb. - Mar. time of mating Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Sierra Madre Oriental, Nuevo Leon Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO
Time of Hatching or Parturition Apr. Both Male and Female Hatchling Not Reported Sierra Madre Oriental, Nuevo Leon Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO
Hatching Success 1.8 average over 4 yr study period young/successful nesting Both Male and Female Hatchling Not Reported Sierra Madre Oriental, Nuevo Leon Exposure Factor Datasets MEXICO
Citation:

Natural breeding performance of the peregrine falcon in New Mexico, 1979-1985

Author(s)
Johnson, Terrell H., Roger W. Skaggs, and Katherine E. Skaggs
Publisher
National Wildlife Federation
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Fledging or Weaning Rate 1.64 fledging rate per adult pair fledglings/pair Both Male and Female Adult, Juvenile 125 territories Exposure Factor Datasets breeding
Citation:

The population biology of peregrine falcons in the Northwest Territories, Canada

Author(s)
Court, Gordon S., D. Mark Bradley, C. Cormack Gates, and David A. Boag
Pages
729-739
Publisher
The Peregrine Fund, Inc.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error
Fledging or Weaning Rate 1.91 representative number of fledglings per nest attempt in a "normal year" fledglings/nest Both Male and Female Fledgling 101 pairs Rankin Inlet, Hudson Bay (62 deg49'N, 92 deg05'W) Exposure Factor Datasets breeding
Clutch or Litter Size 3.62 mean number of eggs laid per nest attempt eggs/clutch Female Adult 84 nest attempts Rankin Inlet, Hudson Bay (62 deg49'N, 92 deg05'W) Exposure Factor Datasets breeding 0.59 SD
Hatching Success 87% ratio of total eggs hatched to total eggs produced % Both Male and Female Hatchling 101 pairs Rankin Inlet, Hudson Bay (62 deg49'N, 92 deg05'W) Exposure Factor Datasets breeding
Citation:

Behavior of peregrines in winter in south Texas

Author(s)
Enderson, James H., Jon Larrabee, Zach Jones, Chris Peper, and Chris Lepisto
Pages
93-98
Year
Issue
2
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density one bird/50 sq. km estimated minimum density Both Male and Female Adult 20 birds near the Laguna Madre Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Reproductive success and eggshell thinning of a reestablished peregrine falcon population

Author(s)
Steidl, Robert J., Curtice R. Griffin, Lawrence J. Niles and Kathleen E. Clark
Pages
294-299
Year
Volume
55
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Fledging or Weaning Rate 2.24 mean fledging rate for pairs fledging >1 young; estimated over a 10 yr period young fledged/pair Both Male and Female Adult 42 coastal habitats Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Longevity records of North American birds: Gaviidae through Alcidae

Author(s)
Clapp, Roger B., M. Kathleen Klimkiewicz and John H. Kennard
Pages
81-124
Year
Issue
2
Volume
53
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Longevity 12-03 from USFWS Bird Banding Laboratory data yr-mo Not Reported Adult 321 band recoveries Exposure Factor Datasets USA
Citation:

Probleme der Fortpflanzungsbiolgie und Bestandserhaltung bei deutschen Wanderfalken (Falco peregrinus)

Author(s)
Mebs, Theodor
Pages
47-56
Year
Volume
81
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Clutch or Litter Size 3.21 eggs/nest Female Adult 24 nests Southern Germany Exposure Factor Datasets GERMANY
Fledging or Weaning Rate 2.46 fledglings/brood Both Male and Female Fledgling 48 broods Exposure Factor Datasets GERMANY
Citation:

Organochlorines in Alaskan peregrine falcon eggs and their current impact on productivity

Author(s)
Ambrose, Robert E., Charles J. Henny, Robin E. Hunter, and John A. Crawford
Pages
385-393
Publisher
The Peregrine Fund, Inc.
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 3.39 mean clutch size eggs/clutch Female Adult 18 clutches Exposure Factor Datasets
Fledging or Weaning Rate 1.78 mean number of fledglings per nest fledglings/nest Both Male and Female Fledgling 18 clutches Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The peregrine falcon: life history and population literature

Author(s)
Hickey, Joseph J. and Daniel W. Anderson
Pages
3-42
Publisher
University of Wisconsin Press
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size review Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Fledging or Weaning Rate review Both Male and Female Fledgling Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The natural regulation of peregrine falcon populations

Author(s)
Hunt, W. Grainger
Pages
667-676
Publisher
The Peregrine Fund, Inc.
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density review review of factors controlling population density Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Population ecology of peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus in Baden-Wuerttemberg, 1965-1991

Author(s)
Wegner, Peter
Pages
p.211-218
Publisher
Pica Press
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Fledging or Weaning Rate 2.6 fledlings/pair Both Male and Female Fledgling Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets GERMANY
Citation:

American Peregrine Falcon

Author(s)
Aldrich, John A.
Pages
1-14
Publisher
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Year
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries
Clutch or Litter Size review Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets USA
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